EAN: 9783031156090

MARX ENGELS AND MARXISMS ANTONIO GRAMSCI - GI...

This intellectual biography provides an organic framework for understanding Antonio Gramsci's
process of intellectual development  paying close attention to the historical and intellectual
contexts out of which his views emerged. The Gramsci in Notebooks cannot fully account for the
young director of L'Ordine Nuovo  or for the communist leader. Gramsci's development did not
occur under conditions of intellectual inflexibility  of absence of evolution. However  there
is a strong thread connecting the political Gramsci with Gramsci as a cultivated man. The
Sardinian intellectual's life is marked by the drama of World War I  the first mass conflict in
which the great scientific discoveries of the previous decades were applied on a large scale
and in which millions of peasants and workers were slaughtered. In all of his theoretical
formulations  this dual relation  which epitomizes the instrumental use of simpletons by ruling
classes  goes beyond the military context of the trenches and becomes full-fledged in the
fundamental relations of modern capitalist society. In contrast with this notion of social
hierarchy  which is deemed natural and unchangeable  Gramsci constantly affirmed the need to
overcome the historically determined rupture between intellectual and manual functions  due to
which the existence of a priesthood or of a separate caste of specialists in politics and in
knowledge is made necessary. It is not the specific professional activity (whether material or
immaterial) that determines the essence of human nature: to Gramsci  all men are philosophers.
In this passage from Notebooks  we find the condensed form of his idea of human emancipation 
which is the historical need for an intellectual and moral reform: the subversion of
traditional relations between rulers and ruled and the end of exploitation of man by man.

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