Among the various multi-level formulations of mathematical models in decision making processes
this book focuses on the bi-level model. Being the most frequently used the bi-level model
addresses conflicts which exist in multi-level decision making processes. From the perspective
of bi-level structure and uncertainty this book takes real-life problems as the background
focuses on the so-called random-like uncertainty and develops the general framework of
random-like bi-level decision making problems. The random-like uncertainty considered in this
book includes random phenomenon random-overlapped random (Ra-Ra) phenomenon and
fuzzy-overlapped random (Ra-Fu) phenomenon. Basic theory models algorithms and practical
applications for different types of random-like bi-level decision making problems are also
presented in this book.
