Bioremediation refers to the clean-up of pollution in soil groundwater surface water and air
using typically microbiological processes. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or
plants to degrade transform or detoxify hazardous substances to human health or the
environment.For bioremediation to be effective microorganisms must enzymatically attack the
pollutants and convert them to harmless products. As bioremediation can be effective only where
environmental conditions permit microbial growth and action its application often involves the
management of ecological factors to allow microbial growth and degradation to continue at a
faster rate. Like other technologies bioremediation has its limitations. Some contaminants
such as chlorinated organic or high aromatic hydrocarbons are resistant to microbial attack.
They are degraded either gradually or not at all hence it is not easy to envisage the rates
of clean-up for bioremediation implementation.Bioremediation represents a field of great
expansion due to the important development of new technologies. Among them several decades on
metagenomics expansion has led to the detection of autochthonous microbiota that plays a key
role during transformation. Transcriptomic guides us to know the expression of key genes and
proteomics allow the characterization of proteins that conduct specific reactions. In this book
we show specific technologies applied in bioremediation of main interest for research in the
field with special attention on fungi which have been poorly studied microorganisms. Finally
new approaches in the field such as CRISPR-CAS9 are also discussed. Lastly it introduces
management strategies such as bioremediation application for managing affected environment and
bioremediation approaches. Examples of successful bioremediation applications are illustrated
in radionuclide entrapment and retardation soil stabilization and remediation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons phenols plastics or fluorinated compounds. Other emerging
bioremediation methods include electro bioremediation microbe-availed phytoremediation
genetic recombinant technologies in enhancing plants in accumulation of inorganic metals and
metalloids as well as degradation of organic pollutants protein-metabolic engineering to
increase bioremediation efficiency including nanotechnology applications are also discussed.
