This open access book is based on the conference organised by Accademia dei Lincei and the US
National Academy of Sciences and supported by the Italian Ministero degli Affari Esteri. It was
attended by about 60 scientists and researchers from 13 countries including besides Europe
Iran Israel Iraq Pakistan India Japan Russian Federation and the USA. In an international
scenario shaken by the uncertainties of the pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine
dialogue and scientific collaboration are confirmed to be precious tools to enhance nuclear
safety security and non-proliferation. The urgency to open peace discussions in Ukraine was
emphasised by all participants and the belief that science can make an essential contribution
to peace construction was reaffirmed. Current challenges (some new such as autonomous weapons
and the use of artificial intelligence for war purposes) are discussed and attempts made to
identify possible solutions and future improvements including in the field of sustainable
energy development.
