EAN: 9783039113316

DOUBLE EXILE - TIBOR FRANK KARTONIERT (TB)

This is a social history of refugees escaping Hungary after the Bolshevik-type revolution of
1919  the ensuing counterrevolution  and the rise of anti-Semitism. Largely Jewish and German
before World War I  the Hungarian middle class was torn by the disastrous war  the partitioning
of Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon  and the numerus clausus act XXV in 1920 that seriously
curtailed the number of Jews admitted to higher education. Hungary's outstanding future
professionals  whether Jewish  Liberal or Socialist  felt compelled to leave the country and
head to German-speaking universities in Austria  Czechoslovakia  and Germany. When Hitler came
to power  these exiles were to flee again  many on the fringes of the huge German emigration.
Emotionally prepared by their earlier threatening experiences in Hungary  they were quick to
recognize the need to uproot themselves again. Many fled to the United States where their
double exile catalyzed the USA into an active enemy of Nazi Germany and stimulated the
transplantation of European modernism into American art and music. To their surprise  the
refugees also encountered anti-Semitism in the USA. The book is based on extensive archival
work in the USA and Germany.

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