This volume investigates a historical account of the development of landscapes management at
Borobudur. In the 1970s and 1980s there was large scale heritage conservation intervention of
the Borobudur Temple by UNESCO and a simultaneous attempt of a wider landscapes management at
Borobudur. But in the late 1980s and early 1990s a global heritage discourse of an enlarged
value system emerged. This discourse embraced issues such as cultural landscape living history
intangible values vernacular heritage and urban landscapes with community involvement. The
early 1990s saw a move against the European-dominated discourse of heritage as well as the
concept of authenticity in the World Heritage system and other European-oriented
classifications. The Asian experience in heritage discourse has begun to have a significant
impact on the European standard. Additionally in the 1990s there was a gradual recognition of
the concept of cultural landscape which differed both within Asia and between Asia and Europe.
These different ideas are evident in the case of the Borobudur Temple and its 1991 nomination
to the World Heritage List. This book focuses how the management of the Borobudur historical
monument and its landscapes was developed and reached current exclusive national legislative
framework and set as an example for others sites in the region and for other regions to
consider.
