This book offers the policy-maker or decision-maker key insights and practical information
regarding the features of ethics frameworks best suited to the ethical assessment of human
cognitive enhancement (HCE) applications such as pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers and
noninvasive brain stimulation techniques. This book takes as its departure point the entrenched
philosophical debate between opponents and proponents of HCE and the increased feasibility of
some applications of HCE. Recent calls for policy-making in the area of human enhancement
reflect the need to find a balance between addressing current ethical issues and issues that
are more speculative in nature or are underpinned by abstract philosophical concepts. Practical
ethical approaches for policy or decision-making should enable the development of an evidence
base for the risks and benefits of HCE applications. Moreover such practical approaches should
also incorporate a broader range of value bases that would facilitate convergence regarding
certain decisions and judgements. This book identifies and evaluate tools that help us to go
beyond polarised philosophical debates in order to assist practical decision makers in concrete
ethical deliberation and decision-making. The focus is on systematic methods with which to
identify relevant ethical values and assess the impacts of an HCE application on those values
in order to facilitate decision-making regarding the ethical acceptability or desirability of
the application.