Violence exposure is prevalent across the globe (Anderson et al. 2017) resulting in long-term
negative outcomes for developing children and adolescents (Huesmann 2018). Youth encounter
violence from different sources such as in the media (e.g. news television movies video
games Anderson et al. 2003) in the community (e.g. individual and group conflicts Ng-Mak
et al. 2004) in their homes (i.e. Ferguson et al. 2009) and in their country (i.e.
violence in the context of war and military conflict Huesmann et al. 2017 Qouta Punam ki &
Sarraj 2008). Early and persistent exposure to violence increases the risk for internalizing
problems such as depression anxiety and post-traumatic stress (PTS McLaughlin & Lambert
2017 Qouta Punam ki & Sarraj 2008) as well as externalizing problems such as aggression
