The analysis identifies the four socio-psychological constructs identification with a media
character schadenfreude social comparison and vicarious embarrassment as important
responses in the context of reality TV. Besides numerous determinants these constructs are
also linked to consequences. In particular Eva Katharina Hammes identifies schadenfreude and
identification as positive responses for the viewer. Vicarious embarrassment is found to be a
rather complex response that elicits diverse consequences. Social comparison with its upward
and downward forms was found to be very important during the consumption of reality TV programs
and also serves as a moderator for the relationship between the identified determinants and
associated socio-psychological constructs.
