Political warfare is a grey area between peace and war. It involves a diverse array of methods
and instruments that go beyond traditional diplomacy and soft power but stops short of open
kinetic conflict using nations' regular armed forces. This collection of Anton Shekhovtsov's
essays delves into practices of Russian political warfare designed to advance Moscow's
strategic and tactical objectives in European countries and certain African states. It reveals
how Russian state actors and pro-regime stakeholders meddled in elections politicised and
weaponised the COVID-19 pandemic amplified religious conflicts undermined democratic
institutions and corrupted political forces.
