This book presents theoretical examinations of why and how connecting people yields different
results from those of the market mechanism alone. With an ever-greater disparity between the
world¿s rich and poor actions have been taken to remove the imperfections and remedy
malfunctions of the market mechanism. An underlying theme of these activities is to connect
people and make them directly visible to one another thus the integrating concept of the
¿solidarity economy¿ emerges. This volume analyzes diverse examples and practices of solidarity
economy. Adam Smith emphasized the importance of ¿sympathy¿ among people and the role of the
¿impartial spectator¿ in order to control otherwise reckless markets. These major concepts form
the basis of a solidarity economy. The examples and practices in this book are based on this
framework. The first is the idea of social business promoted by Prof. M. Yunus of the Grameen
Bank. Although the group of five members in the Grameen Bank organization is considered a
system of mutual surveillance by some economists it is not a system based on distrust but a
mechanism for mutual help and encouragement. Also examined in this book is organic agriculture
which adheres to the necessity of face-to-face relationships. It pursues environmental concerns
and food safety by bringing together consumers and producers in local areas and by sharing
knowledge. When consumers and producers are widely separated a system of certification assures
consumers that no chemical pesticides and fertilizers are used. Connecting consumers and
producers through certification systems can be seen as part of fair trade mechanisms. These
mechanisms are applied in certified coffee programs for instance to reduce poverty to
protect the environment and to safeguard human rights. This book proposes that all these
seemingly different types of activities can be understood as part of the solidarity economy.
With this unifying theme the book willbe useful for both theoretical investigations and
practical applications.
