This book explores foundational theories that have been applied in open and distance education
(ODE) research and refined to reflect advances in research and practice. In addition it
develops new theories emerging from recent developments in ODE. The book provides a unique and
up-to-date source of information for ODE scholars and graduate students enabling them to make
sense of essential theory research and practice in their field and to comprehend the gaps in
and need for further enquiry into theoretical approaches in the digital era. It also offers
theory-based advice and guidelines for practitioners helping them make and justify decisions
and actions concerning the development implementation research and evaluation of ODE.
