EAN: 9783031795039

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...

Produced water contributes to the largest volume waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G)
exploration and production (E&P) operations. It is usually a complex mixture of inorganics and
organics that is formed underground and brought to the surface during O&G production.
Traditionally  produced water has been considered as a waste to the O&G industry. The
conventional management strategies include disposal (typically by injection into depleted wells
or permitted disposal wells)  recycle (direct reuse within the E&P operation)  and reuse
(treatment and reuse offsite for food crop irrigation  livestock watering or industrial use).
The O&G industry is going through a paradigm shift  where scarcity of water  economics of water
management  declining oil costs  and increasing focus on environmental and ecological
stewardship are shifting the focus toward integrated water management in E&P operations. Water
is no longer a problem to be delegated to a third-party disposal or treatment vendor  but is
becoming a cornerstone of O&G production. In this review  we summarize produced water
characteristics  regulations and management options  produced water treatment fundamentals  and
a detailed discussion of process equipment and advantages disadvantages of currently available
treatment processes. These results in peer-reviewed publications could provide a guide for the
selection of appropriate technologies based on the desired application. Major research efforts
in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined
treatment processes of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits  under
more stringent environmental regulations.

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