For Rome and the Romans alike the Roman civil wars brought about the end of an era. They also
reconfigured Roman identity for good. The clash between factions prompted a fratricidal
struggle leading to citizens fighting citizens and to kinspeople killing each other. Anybody
could be an enemy a hostis. Only Octavian was able to put an end to the civil wars and to this
climate of universal distrust. He alone could give back to his fellow citizens a history and a
purpose in which they could recognise themselves. Antonietta Castiello shows in her study how
Octavian later Augustus was able to bring Rome back to life: not physically but
symbolically. Through a juxtaposition never made fully explicit Augustus managed to enter the
hearts of the Romans as their new leader a charismatic ruler who could easily be assimilated
to the Pater Patriae par excellence Romulus. The revival of the figure of Romulus allowed
Augustus and those who recognised in him the leadership of the first founder to breathe new
life into the Romans' legendary past: an intentional history linked to the birth of the city
the creation of its first sacred boundary the pomerium and in general to the myth of
fratricide a myth so brutally symbolic that it was open to an Augustan re-interpretation.
